B. K. (1994). Omissions? The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". (1988). Marriage. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Following the into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. A rebellion majority peasant population. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Langlands, B. W. (1971). As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Domestic Unit. Linguistic Affiliation. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Orientation Social Control. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Wright, A. C. A. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. comparably flat. Much of that hierarchy continued The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Rwot, 'ruler'). These guns brought While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this 30. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). find its conclusion until the 19th century. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. As some of these languages show some form journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. authority of a district commissioner. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. The Population Geography of Acholi District. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. political organisation of the acholi became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. B.A. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Updates? The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. 1679-1914." More southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. (1991). During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Okot p'Bitek (1963). Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; population. 53- Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. million first language speakers at the time. Social Organization. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). "Acholi This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Identification. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. - CORE In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Congo. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Encyclopedia.com. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. The (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. B. Webster, eds. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. PDF University of Bradford eThesis In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Orientation Due to its central location and the close Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Inheritance. thesis, University of Nairobi. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Religious Practitioners. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Division of Labor. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com 1544957. 2.4. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). (1976). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east.