membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Indeed, nerve conduction can be blocked by the local application of cold to a nerve fibre. The action potential is +40 mV. 2.) The sodium-potassium pump is a mechanism of active transport that moves sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells. An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. 4.) True or False, Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. B) Absolute refractory period. True or False, A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True or false: The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve It means it doesnt conduct nerve impulses in this state. F(A,B,C,D)=BD+BCD+ABC+ABCD+BDF(A, B, C, D)=B D^{\prime}+B^{\prime} C D+A B C+A B C^{\prime} D+B^{\prime} D^{\prime}F(A,B,C,D)=BD+BCD+ABC+ABCD+BD (b) Find the minimum sum of products. This results in the alternation in the electro-negativity of the membrane because the stimulus causes the influx of sodium ions (electropositive ions) by 10 times more than in the resting state. Sodium is the principal ion in the fluid outside of cells, and potassium is the principal ion in the fluid inside of cells. This helps in maintaining the membrane potential and thus favors faster nerve impulses. property of being electrically coupled. This is called sodium inactivation, and it is caused by gates within the channel that are sensitive to depolarization. In myelinated neurons, ion flows occur only at the nodes of Ranvier. B) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. a) excitatory potential nerve receptor to the brain. The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\), the presynaptic area contains many tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles that are packed with chemicals called neurotransmitters. In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) . When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? b. all sodium gates are closed. the membrane potential has been reestablished. B) Current is directly proportional to the voltage. Chapter 11 Flashcards | Chegg.com True or False, Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. b) dendrite Due to this, the transmission of nerve impulses is slower than electrical synapses. Outline how a signal is transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell at a chemical synapse. Plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. neurons is called a(n) ________.A) afferent neuron, In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are second nerve impulse cannot be generated until proteins have been resynthesized the na ions DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? d) tracts, Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the An if the ventral nerve root of a spinal is never destroyed a person would lose.. . Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. The resting membrane potential of the nerve cell is -70 mV. A second nerve impulse cannot 5.) Depolarization The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability. (c) Find the minimum product of sums. D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses. c) stimulate the production of acetylcholine Beginning at the resting potential of a neuron (for instance, 75 mV), a local potential can be of any grade up to the threshold potential (for instance, 58 mV). 11.4: Nerve Impulses - Biology LibreTexts 5) Different types of sensory input can have C) brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is This quantal release of neurotransmitter has a critical influence on the electrical potential created in the postsynaptic membrane. This transmission of the nerve impulse by synapses involves the interaction between the axon ending of one neuron (Presynaptic neuron) to the dendrite of another neuron (Postsynaptic neuron). Researchers call the nerve impulse an all-or-none reaction since there are no gradations between threshold potential and fully activated potential. The change in membrane potential results in the cell becoming depolarized. Try it now. During polarization, the membrane is in a resting potential state. When the voltage has the required number of electron particles it conducts current. The generation of a second action in some neurons can only C) help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. a second nerve impulse cannot be generated until___ the membrane potential has been reestablished: an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the___ synapse: neuroglia that control the chemical enviroment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are___ astrocytes (In reference to the neuromuscular synapse, it is called the end-plate potential, or EPP.). This is because Nerve impulse can be defined as a signal that transmits along the nerve fibers. One incoming fiber triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers b) ligand-gated channel As stated above, the action potential is propagated along the axon without any decrease in amplitude with distance. This series of activations, by propagating the action potential along the fibre with virtually no reduction in amplitude . A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. In chemical transmission, a chemical substance called the neurotransmitter passes from one cell to the other, stimulating the second cell to generate its own action potential. The action potential state is based on the All or none method and has two possibilities: If the stimulus is not more than the threshold value, then there will be no action potential state across the length of the axon. Free Flashcards about ap chap 11 - StudyStack Thus, no sodium ions will move inside the membrane. The sequence of sodium activationsodium inactivationpotassium activation creates a nerve impulse that is brief in duration, lasting only a few milliseconds, and that travels down the nerve fibre like a wave, the membrane depolarizing in front of the current and repolarizing behind. interior is ________. response observed in the left graph? Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. The channels often allow ions to diffuse in both directions, but some gated channels restrict transmission to only one direction. The resulting increase in positive charge inside the cell (up to about +40 mV) starts the action potential. Once the membrane potential is completely returned to its resting potential (when membrane potential is reestablished), the neurons become ready for second or next nerve stimulus. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until _____. impulse would move to the axon terminal only, C) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle The action potential is a result of the movement of ions in and out of the cell. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. are crucial for the development of neural connections. As instantaneous as the opening of sodium channels at threshold potential is their closing at the peak of action potential. Select the correct answer for the following question: In order a nerve impulse to be generated there needs to be a stimulus. Temperature cause changes in the rate of diffusion of ions across the neuron membrane. This makes the process of nerve impulse faster as the nerve impulse does not travel the entire length of the axon ( this happens in case of continuous conduction). (See the figure.) 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Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed the membrane potential has been reestablished Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. sodium and potassium. Until potassium channels close, the number of potassium ions that have moved across the membrane is enough to restore the initial polarized potential state. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until when? This is called the absolute refractory period, and it is followed by a relative refractory period, during which another action potential can be generated, but only by a greater stimulus current than that originally needed. When a stimulus is applied to resting membrane, sodium ions freely pass inside the cell and membrane is now said to be in depolarized phase. Once stimulated by Ca2+, the vesicles move through the cytoplasm and fuse their membranes with the plasma membrane of the terminal. In this manner the action potential jumps quickly from node to node along the fibre in a process called saltatory conduction (from Latin saltare, to jump). This phenomenon has formed the basis for classifying mammalian nerve fibres into groups in order of decreasing diameter and decreasing conduction velocity. The speed of nerve impulse propagation varies in different types of cells. Plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. That is, the membrane potential has to reach a certain level of depolarization, called the threshold, otherwise, an action potential will not start. outside the central nervous system, Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the During the resting state, the sodium-potassium pump maintains a difference in charge across the cell membrane of the neuron. The ions may attach to the membranes of synaptic vesicles, in some way facilitating their fusion with the nerve terminal membrane. They may also be removed from the terminal by exchange with extracellular Na+a mechanism known to occur at some neuronal membranes. Tightly controlling membrane resting potential is critical for the transmission of nerve impulses. Postsynaptic membrane. First, the neurotransmitter molecules simply diffuse out of the narrow synaptic cleft. This problem has been solved! A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? c) glial cell Almost instantly the membrane actually reverses polarity, and the inside acquires a positive charge in relation to the outside. a) sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes c) a nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal, a nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal, A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)shows in greater detail how the sodium-potassium pump works. the membrane potential has been reestablished. Two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal: (1) depolarization of the terminal and (2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid. These tiny electrical events, called miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), or miniature postsynaptic potentials (MPSPs), are caused by the random release of single quanta of neurotransmitter from a resting presynaptic terminal. Which of the following is false or incorrect? Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. a) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called a(n) ________. resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.A) excitatory potential. The frequencies of the alleles A and a are 0.60.60.6 and 0.40.40.4, respectively, in a particular plant population. The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell, it opens channels that allow calcium to enter the terminal. about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.A) the Identify three general types of effects neurotransmitters may have on postsynaptic cells. B) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. d) act as a transmitting agent, destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings, Which of the following is false or incorrect? Solved A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until - Chegg potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?A)
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