Corrections? In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). At the . The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. . Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. (2020, August 27). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. ." ", Dai, Yingcong. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. //]]>. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Updates? The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Encyclopedia.com. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Szczepanski, Kallie. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. }, Page last modified: The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. XIX Century Civil Wars. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Omissions? In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Encyclopedia.com. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support.
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